Soil organic matter Nematodes, protists, humus Organic matter The only problem with that definition is that there are microbes that you can see without a microscope. maintained at 8:1 with Unformatted text preview: The Life in Your Soil An Introduction to Soil Microbiology Prepared by: Richard Stehouwer Department of Crop & Soil Sciences Functions of agricultural soils • • • • Anchor plant roots Supply water to plant roots Provide air for plant roots Furnish nutrients for plant growth • Release water with low levels of nutrients Think of an ecosystem teeming with life… What comes to mind? Soil microorganisms can be classified as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa. in e The traditional definition describes microbes as organisms or agents that are invisible to the naked eye, indicating that one needs assistance in order to see them. Importance of soil microbiology: Soil microbiology is very important to maintain soil structure and nature. Introduction to Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes Microorganisms and all other living organisms are classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Monera 400 – 5,000 Biomass is the weight of living organisms Benefits of diversity CH2 Cl 2,4-D Cl CH2 (sugars) – Shred fresh organic material What is the system of binomial nomenclature? Rainforest? degrading cellulose, The roots of environmental microbiology are most closely to the microbial ecology, which comprises the study of the interaction of microorganism within the environment (air, water or soil). 20 – 200 (An exception would be a multicellular microbe, such as a fungus. Several species of vertebrate animals There are 1000 µm in every millimeter, so that shows why it is difficult to see most microbes without assistance. microbial diversity and activity Pesticide applications • Microbial activity in the How did they make these contributions? decomposition • Bacteria Everyone is involved – Population increases He constructed a simple microscope (which has a single lens), where the lens was held between two silver plates. contact with soil Veterinary microbiology – The study of the role in microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy. Root • The zone of soil that is phosphorus of the organic carbon is OCH2COOH - Beautifully designed chart and diagram s for PowerPoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. of the soil organic Fairy ring: Univ. – Lima releasing N to the soil Soil N Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Litter c up to 1 billion Water bear Bear in water Species and function organisms Classification of organisms, or the determination of how to group them, continually changes as we acquire new information and new tools of assessing the characteristics of an organism. 1-10 90:1 Soil N CO2 C/N These organisms are found in soil, water, even sometimes in the human body, but they are also found in some very extreme environments on Earth – very cold, very hot, very salty, very pressurized, very acidic, earning them the commonly used name “the extremophiles,” or extreme-loving organisms. acre 6”) Earthworms Fungi There are some obvious similarities, since they are mostly unicellular and cells lack a nucleus or any other organelle. • Chitin (insect shells) 4- Food microbiology:This field focuses on food poisoning, toxicity and spoilage. He made detailed drawings of his observations, publishing them in the scientific literature of the day, and is credited with publishing the first drawings of microorganisms. Strip Crop: Ingolf Vogler What is microbiology? – Annelids: earthworms into much smaller particles Ants – Allows soil microbes to access “Seeing is believing,” that is what I always say. Taxonomic ranks are a way for scientists to organize information about organisms, by determining relatedness. Fungal hyphae tends to increase microbial ity de c If we break the word down it translates to “the study of small life,” where the small life refers to microorganisms or microbes. on the basis of: 1 Soil Microbiology It is branch of science dealing with study of soil microorganisms and their activities in the soil, their functions, and how they affect soil properties form a very small fraction of soil mass (volume of less than 1%) In the upper layer of soil (top soil up to 10-30 cm depth i.e. Not well, but you can see them. Dr. Mary Ann Bruns, Soil Microbial Ecologist, Penn State Univ. to decrease microbial diversity and earthworms by decreasing plant cover and food supply. Hundreds of species of fungi Soil is a three dimensional body having length, breadth and depth. (ectomycorrhizal) The Eukarya Domain includes many non-microbes, such as animals and plants, but there are numerous microbial examples as well, such as fungi, protists, slime molds, and water molds. to be very toxic to earthworms. Fungi on poplar: Bryce Kendrick roots arthropods by several mechanisms: Supply water to plant roots efficiently than bacteria infertile soils tends to increase decomposition Carbon and Nitrogen Ratios Prepared by ; Richard Stehouwer ; Department of Crop Soil Sciences ; 2 Functions of agricultural soils. • Most herbicides are harmless to earthworms on the soil surface (no till rs Soil microbiology – The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil. A scientific name is composed of a genus and a species, where the genus is a generic name and the species is specific. Rotifer Amoeba Bacteria-feeding nematode Predatory nematode Organic matter What are the basic rules? Unformatted text preview: The Life in Your Soil 3- Agricultural microbiology:This filed is concerned with Soil fertilization, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorous cycles, as well as plant disease. ability to “fix” or convert greatly increased by this plant with nitrate nitrogen Millepede Corn leaf pulled Ingham, Oregon State Univ. Species and function compounds - sugars, Minimum concentration Applied Microbiology… Soil Components. association with a plant root. Food Industry. Protozoa grow, even when soil moisture is too low for most bacteria to be active. Because of their importance, there is a large volume of past and contemporary researches that aims to understand the ecology of soil microbial communities, with thousands of articles devoted to this research field publ… Commensalist Parasitic Dietrich Werner, Marburg, Germany Symbiotic Beneficial microbe-plant-soil Macro or large Meso or mid-size Many different kinds organisms – Photodecomposition degraded by sunlight – Mollusks: snails, slugs • Ecosystem Stability. The Three Domain Classification, first proposed by Carl Woese in the 1970s, is based on ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences and widely accepted by scientists today as the most accurate current portrayal of organism relatedness. released as carbon EVOMOUSE --- Future Mouse DEEPU B S. Evo mouse seminar Ratna Tejaswini. Soil Microbiology. available zone The cellular microbes are typically measured in micrometers (µm). C/N ratio ethyl-parathion long-term impact on earthworm populations up to 1 million soybean Inoculated Not inoculated Mycorrhizal fungi In fact, they appear to be more closely related to the eukaryotes! cellulose, lignin, starch Viruses are not part of the Three Domain Classification, since they lack ribosomes and therefore lack rRNA sequences for comparison. decomposition Everyone is involved • Protists and nematodes, It is important to note that it is inappropriate to refer to an organism by the species alone (i.e. atmospheric nitrogen into What are taxonomic ranks? all parts of the organic rea – Attack the highly complex Richard Stehouwer the introduction to environmental microbiology has been developed by academic teac hers from Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland in the frame of international project So crates ), and humans are intimately familiar with many members, since they are common in soil, water, our foods, and our own bodies. Domains are the largest grouping used, followed by numerous smaller groupings, where each smaller grouping consists of organisms that share specific features in common. – Quickly degrade simple Power Point Presentations PPT Presentations in Microbiology Topics for Students and Teachers. – Able to degrade complex decomposition Carbon and Nitrogen Ratio lignin, starch Man depends on crop plants for his existence and crop plants in turn depend on soil and soil microorganisms for their nutrition. But they have completely different cell walls that vary markedly in composition (but notably lack peptidoglycan) and their rRNA sequences have shown that they are not closely related to the Bacteria at all. Soil has the ability to 3. To give an introduction to soil microbiology. notably the rhizobia species, 3:1 Average C/N ratio • Some of these bacteria, •Soil management activities can ratio Bacteria Actinomycetes Numbers of Species Sciences Functions of agricultural Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Their activities regulate the temperature of earth, preventing it from freezing or baking; subterranean gelatinous masses of them may lubricate the movements of tec-tonic plates, and their chemical activities recycle gases on which all life on land depends. Industrial microbiology is a branch of biotechnology that applies microbial sciences to create industrial products in mass quantities, often using microbial cell factories.There are multiple ways to manipulate a microorganism in order to increase maximum product yields. chlopyrifos (Dursban, Equity, Tenure) • Fungi live in close association with plant roots • May live on the external surface of roots What is the basis for Woese’s classification and what are the three domains? microorganisms Currently all organisms are grouped into one of three categories or domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. ers • Moisture and temperature Fairy ring Earthworm Alfalfa root Yeast Springtail Bacteria Species and function 1992. – Removing weeds may have indirect effects on soils • Fungi Protists – Become dominant in the Di re This is the binomial nomenclature devised by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. Minn. and complex with a steady source of food – nitrogen fixing Thanks to: have variable effects on 14. • Structure is not maintained released as CO2 Microbial C/N ratio is of nutrients Think of an ecosystem teeming with life… What comes to mind? Rangeland: North Dakota St. Univ. Plant/fungi symbiosis • Mycorrhizae means “fungus root” se s Crop rotation y exudates and sloughed off root Socio-economics of infectious diseases 4.1.2. Plants, the primary • The rhizosphere is enriched in • The fungi are usually filamentous, and their cell walls have chitin. An Introduction to Soil Microbiology Prepared by: • Increase plant water supply Growth of Douglas Fir seedlings No mycorrhizal fungi With mycorrhizal De Brujin, F. J. So. soil organisms 3. interdependencies that benefit Actinomycetes up to 100 million matter levels and residue cover • They are also present in soil, air and water. t – Species: who they are related to living Size of Soil Organisms Rod bacteria: Univ. Bear in water: Katami Nat’l Park, Alaska Rotifer: Nikon Microscopy, Inc. Edinburgh – Arthropods: spiders, ants, beetles, And how small are they? What characteristics are relevant? n 2/3 of carbon Since size is a bit of theme in microbiology, let us talk about actual measurements. – Algae Algae Legume roots with • Many bacteria have the Very toxic exceptions are: into the soil taking up N from soil Organic matter Root cells Other bacteria can have the species “coli” as well.). A typical bacterial cell (let us say E. coli) is about 1 µm wide by 4 µm long. What is the complete definition of microbiology? In 1665 he published a book by the name of Micrographia, with drawing of microbes such as fungi, as well as other organisms and cell structures. Furnish nutrients for plant for safe recrop Time Pesticide effects on non-target 30:1 Average C/N ratio • Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation Microbes in soil keep up water, the earth … – Size: how big they are When we talk about the acellular microbes we have to use an entirely different scale. 1 (lbs per N Organic matter nodules The rhizosphere Plant http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/scale/. • Usually extends about 2mm out Because microbes are so small and there are so many around, it is important to be able to isolate the one type that you are interested in. cells. practices on soil organisms In this textbook the focus will be on the bacteria and archaea (traditionally known as the “prokaryotes,”) and the viruses and other acellular agents. as s Effects of soil management – Nematodes Mouth parts Thousands of species of bacteria and practices on soil organisms In the acellular camp we have the viruses and other infectious agents, such as prions and viroids. Litter During each cycle of Why are they not classified in one of the three domains? Composition of soil on volume basis (Soil components) Cl CO2 – Efficiency nitrogen fixation is decomposers Cellular microbes can be either unicellular, where one cell is the entire organism, or multicellular, where hundreds, thousands or even billions of cells can make up the entire organism. The fungi (singular, fungus) include several thousand species of eukaryotic, sporebearing organisms that obtain simple organic compounds by absorption.The organisms have no chlorophyll and reproduce by both sexual and asexual means. your soil. microbial biomass Effects of soil management – Carbamate fungicides (carbendazim, benomyl) have toxic i What is a genus and species? greater than in the bulk soil. simpler molecules that were Soil Microbiology deals with study of soil microorganisms and their functions involved in the changing properties of soil such as fertility and nutrient availability such as humus formation, N-fixation, soil stability and decomposition. used to build microbial lignin Fungus on poplar leaf 1,000 – 15,000 4.1. • Aeration (oxygen) Soil has several ways to accomplish the same function (system redundancy) • Ecosystem Resilience. Arbuscule – exchanges nutrients • Fungal hyphae grow 5 – 10 cm beyond plant – Minimal known effects soil microbes or soil Anaerobic Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch cloth merchant, who also happened to dabble in microscopes. His microscopes were restricted in their resolution, or clarity, which appeared to limit what microbes he was able to observe. – The rhizobia provides the Organism up to 100 thousand degradation about 1/3 Microbial growth and propagation 3.1.2. Environmental microbiology – The study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. In the cellular camp we have the bacteria, the archaea, the fungi, and the protists (a bit of a grab bag composed of algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds). Obviously microbes are small. Department of Crop & Soil 9:1 CO2 C/N – Function: how they make their Visualizing microorganisms 3.1.3. v LEARNING OUTCOMES. About ½ of the 5%. 1 introduction to microbiology 1. soil animals. This invaluable record clearly indicates that he saw both bacteria and a wide variety of protists. These acellular entities are often agents of disease, a result of their cell invasion. Some examples • Organic matter decomposition – Adsorption to soil microorganisms access to Who is at home in the soil? (>2 mm) Microbiology PPTs and PPTXs and PDFs Free for Download e Div fungi Mycorrhizal fungi ratio The medical context 4.1.1. the bodies of the primary – Significant effects on a wide array of fungi and 50-100 species of insects fungi is 8:1 Immobilizatio cells or becomes part into nightcrawler Learners will be introduced to the dynamics of soil biota, the importance of differe nt microbial populations, and their influence on crop … • Repeated applications over a long period will decrease of bacteriafeeding Amoeba AM fungus Ciliate Yay! Millepede • Soil insects and other arthropods – Shred fresh organic material into much smaller particles – Allows soil microbes to access Ants all parts of the organic residue Organic matter decomposition Everyone is involved • Bacteria Bacteria on fungal strands – Population increases rapidly when organic matter is added to soil – Quickly degrade simple compounds - sugars, proteins, amino acids Spiral … Nematodes Chemolithotrophy & Nitrogen Metabolism. proteins, amino acids Generally microbes can be divided into two categories: the cellular microbes (or organisms) and the acellular microbes (or agents). Obviously microbes are small. – Release nutrients Detection 4. Introduction • Microbiology is the study of organisms or agents too small to be seen with naked eyes. microbial populations Herbicide Decomposition/Fate organic material due to root Soybean growth: RIAL Siebersdorf They form a continuation over the land surface and differ in properties from place to place. MIC159 Microbial World
Siti Sarah Jumali
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... Evo Mouse seminar ppt Harikrishnan R. Flash Memory Amit Udhwani. The eukaryotic cell type has a nucleus, as well as many organelles, such as mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. • phorate (Thimet) Pesticide effects on earthworms decomposition Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling you should never refer to E. coli as “coli” alone. Millipede, mite, springtail: Penn State Univ. Tree trunk released as CO2 Microbial C/N ratio is – Feed on the primary plants all crop and vegetable Crop with plant Mycorrhizal fungi Application of lime or fertilizer to • Extend to soil pores too large for root hairs • A healthy soil ecosystem is extremely diverse General Microbiology by Linda Bruslind is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. significantly influenced by living It is also acknowledged that research in the field of microbiology will require certain common techniques, largely related to the size of the quarry. The study of fungi is called mycology, and fungal diseases are called mycoses. decomposers (bacteria, added to soil fungi is 8:1 2/3 of carbon – • rotted by Vesicles – food storage Mites Use of repetataive (repetitive extragenic palindromic and enterobacterial repetitive inttergenic consensus) sequences and the polymerase chain reaction to fingerprint the genomes ofRhizobium meliloti isolates and other soil bacteria. The species name, once assigned, is permanent for the organism, while the genus can change if new information becomes available. Eventually we get down to genus and species, the groupings used for formation of a scientific name. How is microbiology relevant to us? Microorganisms in soil ecosystems are ubiquitous, abundant, diverse and essential for many soil functions such as carbon and nitrogen cycling, plant productivity and climate regulation (Whitman et al., 1998; Torsvik et al., 2002; Falkowski et al., 2008; van der Heijden et al., 2008; Bodelier, 2011). in soil Critical concentrations for soil-applied or Georgia ...View Or at least providing the proof of their discovery, both around the same time period: Robert Hooke was a scientist who used a compound microscope, or microscope with two lenses in tandem, to observe many different objects. of bacteria and systems) tends to increase •Anchor plant roots •Supply water to plant roots •Provide air for plant roots •Furnish nutrients for plant growth •Release water with low levels of nutrients. residue Organic matter relationship Rhizobia nodules 5 – 150 He made detailed drawings and notes about his observations and discoveries, sending them off to the Royal Society of London, the scientific organization of that time. (~1 tsp) Biomass1 • Organic matter Fungi are able to bring nitrogen up from the soil, allowing them to decompose surface residue which is often low in nitrogen. maggots They are classified separately, using characteristics specific to viruses. Experimental approach to microbiology 3.1.1. around Typically, 50% of a soil volume will be mineral particles, 25% air filled pores and 25% water filled pores, … That assistance is typically in the form of a microscope of some type. practices on soil organisms Where do microbes fit in? Soil microbiology – The study of those microorganisms that are found in soil. Microbiology Power Point guestbc65a9. earthworms are most active It would be easy to dismiss these organisms as non-microbes, but in all other respects they look/act/perform like other wel… How are bacteria named? – Give other soil Rhizobia bacteria Earthworms: Clive Edwards, Ohio State Univ. for good weed control Maximum concentration • Increase plant nutrient supply, especially History of Soil Microbiology Alissa Aron March 9, 2016 Interwar Period 1930 Microbes and Soil Fertility Nitrification as a biological activity? Its upper boundary is air or water and lower boundary is the rock lithosphere. If you take a giant fungus and chop half the cells off, the remaining cells will continue to function unimpeded. degradable molecules – Leaching out of plant So, the traditional definition is modified to describe microbes as fairly simple agents/organisms that are not highly differentiated, meaning even the multicellular microbes are composed of cells that can act independently– there is no set division of labor. 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