Her husband, Thomas Depsenser, was executed for rebelling against Henry IV, but his possessions were distributed in accordance with his will. 68 An incident that occurred later in 1586 indicates that Catholics were fully aware of the discs’ political connotations even if they did not necessarily embrace all of them. The agnus dei was believed to possess many protective powers, including defence from storms, pestilence, fires, and floods, as well as the dangers of childbirth.Footnote 1 The name Agnus Dei has been given to certain discs of wax impressed with the figure of a lamb and blessed at stated seasons by the Pope. Led by James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, the rebels made Elizabeth’s excommunication central to the justification of their resistance to English rule, declaring that they would be the ‘first and chief instruments’ in the enterprise to deprive Elizabeth of her kingdom.Footnote The public display of a sacramental known to be blessed by the pope, however, would have been incredibly risky in light of the tensions between Elizabeth I and the papacy throughout her reign. It also shows signs of being altered to fit into the reliquary case amongst papers that list the names of English Jesuits. The manual written by William Allen and Robert Persons encouraged priests to bring agni dei and other blessed objects into England because ‘pious things were not to be neglected because of danger’.Footnote By Courtesy of the Master and Community of Campion Hall, Oxford. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God) relic from the 18th century, blessed by the Pope Leo XIII, original from the period. The Stuart rulers had less hostile relationships with the papacy, and none of them were ever threatened with excommunication as Elizabeth had been. At the end of 1586, the Jesuit Robert Southwell wrote to Robert Persons, who had left England in 1581 after Edmund Campion’s capture and execution by the Elizabethan authorities, requesting faculties to bless 2,000 rosaries and 6,000 grains of incense to address the demands of the laity for hallowed devotional aids.Footnote The fire was attributed to divine displeasure at the woman’s derision for Catholic feast days.Footnote Full text views reflects PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. The statute of praemunire, as enacted during the reign of Richard II, forbade the recognition of any foreign power as having jurisdiction in England. 72 See Molly Murray, ‘“Now I ame a Catholique”: William Alabaster and the Early Modern Catholic Conversion Narrative’, in Corthell et al., Catholic Culture, 189-215, for similar stories of reconciliation and conversion; see also The involvement of Jesuit and seminary priests in distributing agni dei also sheds light on an aspect of the English mission and its relationship to material culture that merits further consideration.Footnote 26 It may be possible to discern whether these individuals would have been receptive to papal calls for resistance to the queen, and the ways in which English Catholics interpreted these demands for resistance. In the court record Eleanor Brome’s mother, Catherine Brome (née Windsor), is referred to as Lady Paulet, which was the surname of her first husband. Figure 6.1 Although the agnus dei lost its more dangerous political meanings when Elizabeth I died, it remained a popular but illicit devotional object in the seventeenth century. See This raises questions about the degrees to which Catholics were willing to defy the queen’s government after 1570, and whether the missionaries played any role in persuading Catholics into more politically charged expressions of dissent. By permission of the Governors of Stonyhurst College, Lancashire. Google Scholar. The agnus dei was not the only sacred object targeted by the Elizabethan authorities: blessed rosaries, beads, and crucifixes also came under attack. Cordy Jeaffreson, John, ed. Yet their role in the circulation of prohibited devotional objects, and the political significance of participating in this circulation, has received less attention.Footnote 98 33 As a sacramental that derived its powers directly from the pope, the agnus dei implicitly signified its owner’s belief in the papacy’s spiritual and temporal supremacy. Published online by Cambridge University Press:  It is certainly telling that many English Catholics chose to keep an agnus dei despite the harsh penalties they faced if caught. From shop TerryTiles2014. By permission of the Governors of Stonyhurst College, Lancashire. Unfortunately, Hilde died of cancer after its release and Krampl used some of the poems she had left behind to compose "Angelos" in 2003, then "Gaia" (a love song to earth) in 2004. It is the name given to a specific prayer that occurs in these liturgies, and is the name given to the music pieces that accompany the text of this prayer. Statutes of the Realm, 4 vols (London: HM Stationery Office, 1819), 4.1: 657-58. Fearing the effects of the missions on the allegiances of English Catholics, in 1581 parliament added reconciliation by a priest to the list of treasonable offences, further entangling the practices of Catholicism with questions of fealty to the crown and kingdom.Footnote 73 Houliston, Victor, Catholic Resistance in Elizabethan England: Robert Persons’s Jesuit Polemic, 1580-1610 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007)Google Scholar, and James Kelly, ed., ‘The English Jesuit Mission’, special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies (Hereafter, JJS) 1, 4 (2014): 511-636. The legislation passed by parliament in response to the papal censure of Elizabeth further complicated the situation of English Catholics. This theme was also the topic of a conference sponsored by the Centre for Catholic Studies at Durham University and the University of Notre Dame in 2015. 9 Agni dei were conventionally made in the pontifical apothecary and consecrated by the pope during Holy Week in a special ceremony witnessed and assisted by the cardinals.Footnote The agni dei that Jesuit and seminary priests distributed amongst English Catholics did not always remain with their original recipients. View all Google Scholar citations As Lucy Underwood has noted, reconciliation had multiple meanings in English Catholicism. In Johannes 1:29 en 1:36 wijst Johannes de Doper naar Jezus met de woorden: “Ziet, daar is het Lam van God dat de zonde van de wereld wegneemt". Similarly, Liz Tingle has observed the popularity of portable, indulgenced objects such as medals, beads, and rosaries in Counter-Reformation France, especially those objects blessed by the pope.Footnote As precious a spiritual object as the agnus dei may have been, it could be equally as dangerous because of what it implied about its owner’s beliefs concerning the queen’s legitimacy as a ruler. Samuel Osborne Barber II (March 9, 1910 – January 23, 1981) was an American composer of orchestral, opera, choral, and piano music. Houliston, Crosignani, and McCoog, eds., Correspondence and Unpublished Papers of Robert Persons, 1, 59: ‘Then, in the case of Catholics, let it be with the reconciled rather than with schismatics; with heretics they should have no direct dealings; but they will urge the Catholics each and all to strive for the conversion of the members of his family … and when those … are ready to hear the truth with equanimity, then will our Fathers themselves be able, with due regard for safety … to confirm their purpose and give them fuller instruction’. Lux-Sterritt, ‘“Virgo Becomes Virago”: Women in the Accounts of Seventeenth-Century English Catholic Missionaries’, Recusant History 30 (2011): 537-553 For those who returned to, or newly embraced, the Catholic faith after 1570, sacred objects could act as material aids for devotional practices which may have been new to them, but the objects also became potent symbols of resistance to the government and the established Protestant English Church.Footnote Foster, C. W., ed., Lincoln Wills, 2 vols (London: Lincoln Record Society, 1914 and 1918), 1:144Google Scholar. Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, 565-93. The History of Agnus Dei . Roger Bellingham’s will, proved at York in 1541, for instance, left instructions for an agnus dei and a ring to be left to his daughter, Elizabeth Fitzthomas.Footnote 81 Total loading time: 0.985 Thomas Percy was later imprisoned by the Scottish and sent back to England to be tried and executed for treason in 1572. In 1572 government agents intercepted a letter written by Thomas Bailey, an English exile living in Louvain, in which he expressed a desire to send to his friend John Swinburn in England a number of books, beads, and agni dei. Although evangelical reformers attacked the sacred materials of Catholicism as idolatrous, and many of these items were destroyed in the iconoclastic movements of the 1530s and 1540s, they were never formally outlawed by any act of parliament under either Henry VIII or Edward VI. See McCoog, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1541-1588 and The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589-1597. AGNUS DEI Meaning: "lamb of God." 14. Sung or recited, the Agnus Dei has been a part of the Mass since it was introduced by Pope Sergius I (687–701). Aviva Romm Certified Professional Midwife, Herbalist, MD, ... Simon Mills MCPP, FNIMH, MA, in Botanical Medicine for Women's Health, 2010. 7 2 : an image of a lamb often with a halo and a banner and cross used as a symbol of Christ. 19th century. 4 The fact that the family tried to hide the agnus dei and beads is a testament both to their precious spiritual value and their highly dangerous political associations. It is telling that many of the agni dei mentioned above and in the following section were circulated in the midlands, the northern counties, and the southwest of England, parts of the country that had strong recusant networks.Footnote 30 Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, Henry IV, 4 vols (London: HM Stationery Office, 1903), 1: 224. A man named Hilary Dakins was identified as a Catholic after he was seen, on several occasions, wearing an agnus dei about his neck. See 16 Ric. Similarly, two priests named Henry Clark and Nicholas Bawdyn were arrested in Plymouth in Devon at the end of the year with ‘an Agnus Dei, popish books, and other papistical relics, with certain letters’ which they had intended to distribute in England.Footnote In these accounts, the agnus dei acted as a marker of confessional difference, illustrating the failure of heretical, Protestant churches to provide adequate care for their parishioners. A search of the Lady West’s house near Winchester in Hampshire in December 1583 revealed a number of contraband devotional objects, including, wrapped in green silk two Agnus dei enclosed in satin broken in many pieces, yet one of them so joined together as the superscription is easy to be read. Google Scholar: 197. See Hume, Calendar of Letters and State Papers in the Archives of Simancas, 3: 85-6. Members of Catholic networks who received the sacramentals from missionary priests would also have been able to assist in reconciling other members of their social circles. See Kilroy, Edmund Campion, 307-8. 11 Snoek, Medieval Piety from Relics to the Eucharist, 296; see also Scribner, ‘The Reformation, Popular Magic, and the “Disenchantment of the World”’, 479-80. Google Scholar. 70 The lamb usually bears a cross or flag, while figures of saints or the name and arms of the Pope are also commonly impressed on the reverse. The seventh century Pope Sergius I brought the Agnus Dei into a more prominent location within the Catholic Mass liturgy, as a chant sung while the celebrant physically breaks the Communion bread. Underwood, Lucy, ‘Persuading the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects from Their Allegiance: Treason, Reconciliation and Confessional Identity in Elizabethan England’, Historical Research 89, 244 (2016): 246-267 I have incorporated two cadential fragments from Süssmayr’s completion into the end of my Benedictus and Agnus Dei. Their effectiveness in interactions between Catholics and Protestants was of particular interest to missionaries reporting back to their superiors. 24 April 2018. James Kelly, ‘Creating an English Catholic Identity: Relics, Martyrs, and English Women Religious in Counter-Reformation Europe’, in Kelly and Royal, Early Modern English Catholicism, 41-59. 59 Marshall, Peter, Reformation England, 1480-1642 (London: Bloomsbury, 2012), 193 We shall bind those who do the contrary with a similar sentence of excommunication’. Corry, Maya, Howard, Deborah, and Laven, Mary, eds., Madonnas and Miracles: The Holy Home in Renaissance Italy (Cambridge: Fitzwilliam Museum, 2017), 124-125 Crafted from the wax of paschal candles, chrism oil, and holy water, the agni dei were stamped with the image of the Lamb of God on one side and the image of a saint or the name and arms of the consecrating pope on the other. While portable devotional objects like relics and sacramentals were especially important to the repressive conditions in which English Catholics worshipped, they were highly prized throughout early modern Europe, serving as expressions of a community’s connection to Rome and the early Christian Church.Footnote Because the wax medallions were fragile, it was also common to break an agnus dei into smaller pieces to be shared amongst the faithful, and carried in cases for protection.Footnote 39 From c. 1400 in English as the name of the part of the Mass beginning with these words,… See definitions of agnus dei. 3 We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Unlike the sacraments, which the institutional church typically administered and controlled, the laity could use sacramental objects as they saw fit.Footnote See also Gerard Kilroy, Edmund Campion: A Scholarly Life (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015), The agnus dei could also be a mark of those who had been in contact with missionary priests. Henry Scrope served as treasurer for Henry V, but was executed for treason in 1415 because of connections with a plot to overthrow the king. 48 Vitex agnus-castus is a deciduous shrub native to Mediterranean Europe and Central Asia. Laurence Lux-Sterritt has discussed some of these concepts with respect to the relationships between English Catholic laywomen and the missions. Lit. After the restoration of Catholicism under Mary I and the reparation of relations with Rome, sacramentals were again encouraged as devotional aids. Eamon Duffy has highlighted how consecrated salt, wax, and water could be used by the laity as spiritual weapons against the distresses of life in pre-Reformation England. The spiritual importance of materials like the agnus dei to the sustenance and survival of Catholicism in England also supports a growing body of scholarship which has emphasised the intellectual, cultural, and devotional connections between members of the English Catholic faith and their counterparts in other regions.Footnote In the aftermath of the Reformation and Henry VIII’s break with Rome, sacred objects such as relics and sacramentals were frowned upon by evangelical reformers in the new ecclesiastical establishment. Crosignani, Ginevra, McCoog, Thomas, and Questier, Michael, eds., Recusancy and Conformity in Early Modern England: Manuscript and Printed Sources in Translation (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 2010), 86-89 London, British Museum 1902,0527.26, http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=44619&partId=1 (accessed 7 October 2017). Perhaps some believed that the amulets would protect them from any harm the Elizabethan authorities tried to inflict: when John Somerville rode to London in 1583 intent on assassinating the queen, he wore an agnus dei about his neck ‘to defend him from the danger that might ensue unto him upon the attempt’.Footnote 24, Priests and religious houses also kept agni dei for personal and communal use. 1544, d. 1577)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18440 (accessed 1 Oct 2017); "clr": false, Agnus Dei' En:, Caravaggio y la pintura realista europea, Museu Nacional D'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2005, pp. No need to register, buy now! Walsham, Alexandra, ‘The Pope’s Merchandise and the Jesuits’ Trumpery: Catholic Relics and Protestant Polemic in Post-Reformation England’, in Jennifer Spinks and Dagmar Eichberger, eds., Religion, the Supernatural, and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe: An Album Amicorum for Charles Zika (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 370-409 An English translation of the bull is available in Thomas Wiles, another priest in London, was convicted of praemunire for having an agnus dei in March 1578.Footnote 86 The same priest had received faculties to dispense absolution to anyone who reconciled themselves to the Roman Church.Footnote The agnus dei’s protective powers, especially over mothers and children, would have made it an appealing gift, and one that might have helped to establish goodwill between the priests and the Catholics to whom they hoped to minister.Footnote Ironically, the severe curtailments which the new treason laws placed on access to the sacraments, and to priests who could administer them, may have increased the community’s demand for the very sacramentals the government also hoped to eradicate. He is one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century: music critic Donal Henahan stated that "Probably no other American composer has ever enjoyed such early, such persistent and such long-lasting acclaim." Agnus Dei is the Latin name under which the "Lamb of God" is honoured within the Roman Catholic Mass and, by extension, other Christian liturgies descending from the Latin tradition. See Rigg, JM, ed., Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs Preserved Principally at Rome in the Vatican Archives and Library, 2 vols (London: HM Stationery Office, 1916), 1 16 Agnus Dei synonyms, Agnus Dei pronunciation, Agnus Dei translation, English dictionary definition of Agnus Dei. Because it was consecrated by the pope, the agnus dei was a precious devotional object amongst Catholics in early modern Europe; but in England, it also assumed unusual political connotations after 1570 because of growing conflict between Elizabeth I and the papacy.Footnote 14 Agnus Dei fragments, ca. Cuthbert Mayne, who converted to Catholicism after Elizabeth I’s excommunication and trained for the priesthood at the English College in Douai, was carrying at least one when he was arrested in Cornwall in August 1577. Raine, James, Greenwell, William, and Hodgson, John, eds., Wills and Inventories Illustrative of the History, Manners, Language, and Statistics of the Northern Counties of England, 4 vols (London: Nichols and Son, 1835), 1 Surviving records indicate that over six thousand people joined the rebellion, and prominent amongst the rebels’ grievances was discontent with the ways in which the Protestant religious settlement was being enforced in the northern counties. 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